General Overview: The Greenhouse Effect

Introduction

The "greenhouse effect" is widely discussed in the media, and although its details are complicated, its principles are not difficult to understand. Without a greenhouse effect, radiation from the Sun (mostly in the form of visible light) would travel to Earth and be changed into heat, only to be lost to space. This scenario can be sketched as follows:

Sun’s radiation → absorbed by Earth → Re-radiated to space as heat

The greenhouse effect is a process where energy from the sun readily penetrates into the lower atmosphere and onto the surface of Earth and is converted to heat, but then cannot freely leave the planet. This can be sketched as follows:

Sun’s Radiation → absorbed by Earth → some re-radiated to space as heat → some trapped by the atmosphere

Due to the presence of certain “greenhouse gases” that trap heat, like carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and CFC’s, the atmosphere retains the sun’s radiation and warms up the planet. By increasing the abundance of these gases in the atmosphere, humankind is increasing the overall warming of the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere, a process called "global warming." The figure below illustrates the radiation balance and the role of greenhouse effect.

The Radiation Balance

Illustration of the Earth’s radiative balance. (Adapted from: NOAA)

Another way to think about the greenhouse effect is to consider that according to physics the radiation we receive from the Sun must be equally balanced by the heat Earth radiates out to space. If we were to give back less energy than we receive, our planet would soon be too hot for life. Likewise, if we were to give back more energy that we receive, our planet would soon be too cold for life. This can be written as a balanced equation of radiation:

Solar radiation input to Earth = Earth’s output of re-radiated heat

If we were to measure the temperature of the Earth from space, the Earth's "surface" would show a temperature appropriate for this requirement of energy balance: a measurement of roughly -18 degrees Celsius (about 0 °F). At this temperature, our planet radiates a quantity of heat into space that is equivalent to the amount of energy received from the Sun.

At this point you may be asking how we can speak of “global warming” when we have just stated that the Earth (as seen from space) MUST stay at the same temperature? And how is it that the temperature of the Earth’s surface is only a chilly 0°F? The key to understanding this apparent contradiction is to remember that we live at the bottom of the atmosphere. As far as the radiation balance is concerned, the lower atmosphere and the surface of Earth form part of a “warm interior” of the planet.

Figure demonstrating the importance of greenhouse gases in regulating the temperature of the lower atmosphere. The top diagram shows a greenhouse Earth where the apparent temperature “surface” lies 5000m up in the atmosphere from the land surface. In the past 100 years this apparent temperature “surface” has been rising. By contrast, without a greenhouse effect, the Earth would look like the lower diagram.

The apparent temperature "surface" that we would see from space is located well above the real surface of the Earth where we live. This apparent temperature "surface" is about 5000 meters up (17,000 feet) within the atmosphere. To get a better handle on this concept consider the following: the difference in elevation between 0 meters and 5,000 meters corresponds to a difference in temperature of about 60°F. In other words, at sea level it is 60°F warmer than it would be without the atmosphere. For the last 100 years or so this apparent temperature “surface” has been moving upward in the atmosphere as a result of global warming. As the apparent "surface" rises, the bottom of the atmosphere gets warmer, a fact that can be seen in the positions of the snow line (the elevation where snow begins to form) and tree line (the elevation where it becomes to cold for trees to grow). However, despite all these changes happening in the lower atmosphere, the overall temperature of the planet as seen from space stays the same.

How is it possible that the Earth exactly balances the incoming sunlight with the outgoing heat radiation? The answer is simple: the amount of heat radiation from Earth is precisely tied to the temperature of the atmosphere. If the temperature of the apparent “surface” is too low and Earth radiates too little heat to keep the balance, Earth will warm up and radiate more heat into space. If the temperature of the apparent “surface” is too high and Earth radiates more heat than it receives, the planet will become colder and radiate less energy back to space. Overall, this “negative feedback” stabilizes the radiation balance despite all the variations of temperature from one place to another and within the vertical column of the atmosphere. It sets the temperature so that the incoming and outgoing energy is balanced.

Average Temperatures on the Moon

We can get another idea about what the temperature on Earth would be like without a greenhouse atmosphere by contemplating the Moon. The Earth’s satellite has no atmosphere because its gravitational force is not strong enough to retain gas for long. It has the same distance from the Sun as the Earth, but its temperature varies enormously: where the Sun is shining, the Moon’s temperature rises to 230°F and where it is dark falls to negative 290°F. The average surface temperature of the moon, about the same distance as the Earth from the Sun, is also near 0°F, but of course, the moon has no atmosphere. By contrast, the average surface temperature of the Earth is 60°F at sea level. On Earth, the contrast between maximum and minimum temperatures would not be as great as on the Moon, even without an atmosphere, because the Earth rotates once in a day, while the Moon only rotates once in a month. However, without an atmosphere the Earth’s contrast between day and night and the contrast between summer and winter would be very large indeed.

Not all the gases in the atmosphere are equally active in keeping Earth warm. In fact, the atmosphere’s most abundant gas, molecular nitrogen, does very little in this regard, and the same is true for the second most abundant gas, molecular oxygen. The most important ingredient of the air for producing the greenhouse effect is water vapor. However, its abundance depends on the air's temperature. The warmer the air, the more water vapor it can hold. (As air cools, the vapor condenses into rain or snow.) It is carbon dioxide that moves the air toward higher temperature, so that water vapor can take over and warm it some more. Carbon dioxide molecules intercept infrared radiation, warming the air and increasing water vapor through evaporation from the sea surface and from plants and soil moisture. Water vapor then increases the temperature even more. The process is checked by a rise in infrared radiation to space and by formation of clouds. Unfortunately, the role of clouds in the radiation balance is as yet poorly understood. Different types of clouds have different effects, and this makes the calculations complicated and the results uncertain.

Solar Variations

One last point to consider when discussing the greenhouse effect is the amount of sunlight coming in to Earth. The quantity of sunlight we receive depends on the size and the brightness of the Sun and the distance between it and the Earth. As far as we know, the size of the Sun does not change much over the time spans we are considering; we can assume it is constant. The sun’s brightness varies only a little, about one-thousandth over an eleven-year sunspot cycle, but perhaps more over longer time spans. We can take that as constant too, calling the incoming energy flux "the solar constant." One of the contentious issues in the discussions about the global warming of the last 100 years that has not been fully resolved is the question of whether a brighter Sun may have contributed to the recently observed temperature rise.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest:
orbit: 149,600,000 km (1.00 AU) from Sun
diameter: 12,756.3 km
mass: 5.972e24 kg




Earth is the only planet whose English name does not derive from Greek/Roman mythology. The name derives from Old English and Germanic. There are, of course, hundreds of other names for the planet in other languages. In Roman Mythology, the goddess of the Earth was Tellus - the fertile soil (Greek: Gaia, terra mater - Mother Earth).

It was not until the time of Copernicus (the sixteenth century) that it was understood that the Earth is just another planet.


Mir space station and Earth's limb
Earth, of course, can be studied without the aid of spacecraft. Nevertheless it was not until the twentieth century that we had maps of the entire planet. Pictures of the planet taken from space are of considerable importance; for example, they are an enormous help in weather prediction and especially in tracking and predicting hurricanes. And they are extraordinarily beautiful.

The Earth is divided into several layers which have distinct chemical and seismic properties (depths in km):
0- 40 Crust
40- 400 Upper mantle
400- 650 Transition region
650-2700 Lower mantle
2700-2890 D'' layer
2890-5150 Outer core
5150-6378 Inner core
The crust varies considerably in thickness, it is thinner under the oceans, thicker under the continents. The inner core and crust are solid; the outer core and mantle layers are plastic or semi-fluid. The various layers are separated by discontinuities which are evident in seismic data; the best known of these is the Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and upper mantle.

Most of the mass of the Earth is in the mantle, most of the rest in the core; the part we inhabit is a tiny fraction of the whole (values below x10^24 kilograms):
atmosphere = 0.0000051
oceans = 0.0014
crust = 0.026
mantle = 4.043
outer core = 1.835
inner core = 0.09675

The core is probably composed mostly of iron (or nickel/iron) though it is possible that some lighter elements may be present, too. Temperatures at the center of the core may be as high as 7500 K, hotter than the surface of the Sun. The lower mantle is probably mostly silicon, magnesium and oxygen with some iron, calcium and aluminum. The upper mantle is mostly olivene and pyroxene (iron/magnesium silicates), calcium and aluminum. We know most of this only from seismic techniques; samples from the upper mantle arrive at the surface as lava from volcanoes but the majority of the Earth is inaccessible. The crust is primarily quartz (silicon dioxide) and other silicates like feldspar. Taken as a whole, the Earth's chemical composition (by mass) is:
South America by Galileo

34.6% Iron
29.5% Oxygen
15.2% Silicon
12.7% Magnesium
2.4% Nickel
1.9% Sulfur
0.05% Titanium

The Earth is the densest major body in the solar system.

The other terrestrial planets probably have similar structures and compositions with some differences: the Moon has at most a small core; Mercury has an extra large core (relative to its diameter); the mantles of Mars and the Moon are much thicker; the Moon and Mercury may not have chemically distinct crusts; Earth may be the only one with distinct inner and outer cores. Note, however, that our knowledge of planetary interiors is mostly theoretical even for the Earth.

Unlike the other terrestrial planets, Earth's crust is divided into several separate solid plates which float around independently on top of the hot mantle below. The theory that describes this is known as plate tectonics. It is characterized by two major processes: spreading and subduction. Spreading occurs when two plates move away from each other and new crust is created by upwelling magma from below. Subduction occurs when two plates collide and the edge of one dives beneath the other and ends up being destroyed in the mantle. There is also transverse motion at some plate boundaries (i.e. the San Andreas Fault in California) and collisions between continental plates (i.e. India/Eurasia). There are (at present) eight major plates:
Earth's Plate Boundaries delineated by earthquake epicenters
North American Plate - North America, western North Atlantic and Greenland Earth's Plate Boundaries delineated by earthquake epicenters
South American Plate - South America and western South Atlantic
Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the "Southern Ocean"
Eurasian Plate - eastern North Atlantic, Europe and Asia except for India
African Plate - Africa, eastern South Atlantic and western Indian Ocean
Indian-Australian Plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of Indian Ocean
Nazca Plate - eastern Pacific Ocean adjacent to South America
Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific Ocean (and the southern coast of California!)
There are also twenty or more small plates such as the Arabian, Cocos, and Philippine Plates. Earthquakes are much more common at the plate boundaries. Plotting their locations makes it easy to see the plate boundaries.

The Earth's surface is very young. In the relatively short (by astronomical standards) period of 500,000,000 years or so erosion and tectonic processes destroy and recreate most of the Earth's surface and thereby eliminate almost all traces of earlier geologic surface history (such as impact craters). Thus the very early history of the Earth has mostly been erased. The Earth is 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old, but the oldest known rocks are about 4 billion years old and rocks older than 3 billion years are rare. The oldest fossils of living organisms are less than 3.9 billion years old. There is no record of the critical period when life was first getting started.

Space Shuttle view of the Strait of Gibraltar
71 Percent of the Earth's surface is covered with water. Earth is the only planet on which water can exist in liquid form on the surface (though there may be liquid ethane or methane on Titan's surface and liquid water beneath the surface of Europa). Liquid water is, of course, essential for life as we know it. The heat capacity of the oceans is also very important in keeping the Earth's temperature relatively stable. Liquid water is also responsible for most of the erosion and weathering of the Earth's continents, a process unique in the solar system today (though it may have occurred on Mars in the past).

Earth's atmosphere seen at the limb
The Earth's atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with traces of argon, carbon dioxide and water. There was probably a very much larger amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere when the Earth was first formed, but it has since been almost all incorporated into carbonate rocks and to a lesser extent dissolved into the oceans and consumed by living plants. Plate tectonics and biological processes now maintain a continual flow of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to these various "sinks" and back again. The tiny amount of carbon dioxide resident in the atmosphere at any time is extremely important to the maintenance of the Earth's surface temperature via the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect raises the average surface temperature about 35 degrees C above what it would otherwise be (from a frigid -21 C to a comfortable +14 C); without it the oceans would freeze and life as we know it would be impossible. (Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas.)

View from Apollo 11
The presence of free oxygen is quite remarkable from a chemical point of view. Oxygen is a very reactive gas and under "normal" circumstances would quickly combine with other elements. The oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is produced and maintained by biological processes. Without life there would be no free oxygen.

The interaction of the Earth and the Moon slows the Earth's rotation by about 2 milliseconds per century. Current research indicates that about 900 million years ago there were 481 18-hour days in a year.

Earth has a modest magnetic field produced by electric currents in the outer core. The interaction of the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the Earth's upper atmosphere causes the auroras (see the Interplanetary Medium). Irregularities in these factors cause the magnetic poles to move and even reverse relative to the surface; the geomagnetic north pole is currently located in northern Canada. (The "geomagnetic north pole" is the position on the Earth's surface directly above the south pole of the Earth's field.)

The Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also produce the Van Allen radiation belts, a pair of doughnut shaped rings of ionized gas (or plasma) trapped in orbit around the Earth. The outer belt stretches from 19,000 km in altitude to 41,000 km; the inner belt lies between 13,000 km and 7,600 km in altitude.
Earth's Satellite
Earth has only one natural satellite, the Moon. But
thousands of small artificial satellites have also been placed in orbit around the Earth.
Asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29 have complicated orbital relationships with the Earth; they're not really moons, the term "companion" is being used. It is somewhat similar to the situation with Saturn's moons Janus and Epimetheus.
Lilith doesn't exist but it's an interesting story.
Distance Radius Mass
Satellite (000 km) (km) (kg)
--------- -------- ------ -------
Moon 384 1738 7.35e22

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Aerobics

 Featuring your own responsibility as well enable on your favored football category is usually actually easy towards trouser pockets simply because obtain at wholesale prices solutions that show off staff brand and even champs shirt volumes.

 
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If you're looking for some tips on how to save money on your Zumba dance shoes or sneakers, then grab a chair and read this article because it's the information you been searching for.
What To Think About When Choosing A Weight Reduction Cleanse By : Bob Tripmeyster
Are you currently interested in reducing weight? If you're, have you heard of weight loss cleanses, also commonly referred to as colon cleanses, just before?

 
Appearance is turning into much more and much more essential nowadays, regardless of whether we like it or not. Stunning celebrities and superslim designs we see on Television exhibits and magazines affect the public's watch on what attractiveness is. They're advertising the concept that stunning is greatest.

 
Aerobics are a good way to stay fit and trim off fat, but it also does wonders for your cardiovascular system and helps to keep your heart strong. Here's a few ways that it can benefit your health and fitness levels.

 
It is quite easy to determine what your RHR is. If you have a heart monitor watch you can use it for this, but you don't one. To manually check your RHR, just position the top of your index, second, and third fingers on the palm side of your other wrist, just below where your thumb meets your wrist. (This sounds more complicated than it is, but concentrate and give it a try).

Electrical treadmills became standard from previous few decades and prove to be quite useful for individuals of all age teams may be younger or older ones.

Aerobics: Burn Off That Fat  
One of the best things about aerobics is that you can use it to burn fat in methods that are easier on your body than dieting. Aerobic exercise such as jogging is great for your overall well-being and getting rid of that belly fat.

HOW AGING EFFECTS YOUR BODY

Before undertaking any senior exercise program it is important to understand the effects of aging. Most seniors can follow the obvious signs of aging. We watch as our hair grays (or disappears entirely) and as our skin wrinkles. But few people notice the almost imperceptible changes taking place within our bodies; changes so subtle that it's possible to miss them completely until a major health crisis forces us to sit up and take notice

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Health Risks of Using Chemical Hair Dyes

It is almost impossible these days to have at least one day of not running into at least one lady who has not had her hair dyed at least once in her lifetime. Studies show that more than 50 million women in the United States dye their hair on a regular basis, with many of them starting to use hair dyes from a very young age. Many more say that they will indeed use hair dyes once their hair starts to turn gray, as it is deemed to be the most satisfying solution to beauty concerns that come with aging.

But just like any other chemical add-on done for beauty, there are certain risks involved with using these hair products. In fact, one of the main chemicals found in most hair dyes has once been banned in many European countries. Scientific experiments have also shown a wide array of harmful effects coming from hair dye chemicals. Just what are these health risks?

1. Allergic reactions

Allergic reactions, ranging from skin to respiratory reactions, is reportedly the biggest risk for using hair dyes. It is not easy to get figures for how many hair dye user actually suffer from allergic reactions, because majority of these people do not actually seek medical assistance. But there are cases when the allergic reactions to chemicals in hair dyes have actually been severe, or, worse, fatal. A mild allergic reaction may come from an irritation on the rims of the person’s ears, or on her upper eyelids; a more severe reaction would involve the whole head or even body. Anaphylactic shock is a severe form of allergic reaction, wherein the tongue swells and the airways get constricted. While isolated, there have been cases wherein hair dyes have caused this reaction. Meanwhile, skin allergic reactions may happen when a person first uses the hair dye, but it can also happen to someone who has actually used the dye regularly for a while; this is because the immune system can still get sensitized when the dye is applied, increasing the chances of an allergic reaction in the future.

2. Asthma

Studies have shown that hair stylists actually have an increased chance of developing occupational asthma. This is linked to the persulfates found in bleaches and the PPD found in hair dyes. Experts explain that being exposed to these chemicals in the long-term causes the airways to become sensitized, which can result in asthma attacks upon exposure to them. In fact, studies have shown that hair stylists have a greater occurrence of asthma compared to the population average.

3. Cancer

Scientific studies of lab animals have shown that chemicals in hair dye, when given in high doses, indeed cause cancer by breaking down the DNA or cell in the animal’s body. In humans and in low doses, though, there is still an ongoing debate about how hair dye chemicals may be linked to cancer. The studies continue to be inconclusive, although new research has linked the use of hair dye to at least one specific type of cancer. The research studied groups of women with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma compared to a control group, and it showed that women with hair dye use before 1980, especially those of darker colors, had a higher risk of getting diagnosed with the disease. Also, studies of the rates of cancer among hairstylists give a sobering picture: a hairstylist who had used hair dyes for 5 or more years was found to have a risk of developing breast cancer three times than the average. Consistent studies also show the hair colorists had an increased chance of developing leukemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

So does that mean there is no way to dye your hair if you want a new look? Well, you still have the option of turning to hair dyes that come with natural ingredients. For example, henna comes from a plant, and gives you a permanent hair color change. Opt for 100% henna, or the body-art quality, as other blends may contain metals. Indigo, a blue dye used for dyeing jeans and also known as black henna, is also a good choice for dyeing your hair dark. Honey is another option that you can use if you want to lighten your blonde hair.

Overall, no ambition for beauty is enough to sacrifice your health over, and if you can opt for natural ingredients that also achieve the same results, the final decision should be automatic!

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Fitness for Dummies

If you are committed and loyal to show your dedication to achieve a specific goal and willing to work for long-drawn-out period of time then you are the best dummy of an exercise. The dummy exercising calculates the body strength and ensures a daily working-routine no matter what the exact fitness level of an exerciser is.

Fitness for Dummies

The regime isn’t just made for the regular exercisers but a first time exerciser can also starts from the scratch to learn the basics of exercising that could start with a warming exercise. It helps the exerciser with an explanation of types of the body and the suitable work-outs. There are specific directions for aerobic exercising; joint and muscle stretching; conditioning of the muscle through bars, furniture, exercise bands, weight etc.

It creates some form of tailored exercising workout and helps in preventing the common injuries of the human body. The significant spots of trouble are firstly targeted and then toned firmly with the ease of use of various gear and gadgets or sophisticated equipments. It sometimes with the ease of exercising is used while traveling as well.

The exercising experiments are filled with expert tips and techniques with step-by-step procedural configuration of illustrated exercising regime. The specialized training is ensured through expert trainers because certain regimes are hard to deal with due to investigative sources available in one’s diet for appropriate attunement of the body with environmental exercising. The individualized fitness Programme helps with the strengthening of one’s lungs and heart; lowers the stress level; burn excessive amount of fat from the body in a form of calories; etc.

The most electrifying part of such form of exercising is its introduction to food pyramids which chiefly talks about the low-carb eating lifestyle plus it take along to the accomplishment of latest fashion or trend such as circuit training and Yoga. In this day-and-age public demands and anticipate for a quick result criterion especially for an upcoming event such as: class reunion; wedding ceremonies; vacations at the beach to darn bathing suits etc so that their clothes might not shrink away when they have already achieved a slim and toned body. The fitness for dummies should entail convincing areas of the human body parts for ex: Slouching shoulders; the upper back region; the lower thighs and arms which are sagging; quadriceps and hamstrings; calves and buns etc. Certain production companies of exercising regime involves pictographic charts of daily 10 minutes exercising that with the ease of seeing everything live by a naked eye can follow step-by-step instructional procedures and exercise correctly.

The new generation of the world is using a new technology called as fitness ball dummy exercise. It is rather a bouncy ball developed by physical therapists which helps the injured or needy to come in touch with aerobic exercising. The therapists put the patients onto the bouncing ball and let them to bounce in such practicing without affecting the injuries the patient easily gets a workout. The Pilates teachers get a great tool to help mastering the core equilibrium, controlling and constancy with power. A ball is introduced because the ball keeps rolling and doesn’t permit the patient to suffer from acute pain of the back. Stiffness and being too deskbound aren’t the case for such exercising regime.

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Choosing the Right Shampoo

Gone are the days when shampoo simply did what it was expected to do, which was to clean hair by removing dirt and other buildup on it. But these days, there are many kinds of shampoos to choose from, that anyone shopping for shampoo will have to consider several things to make sure he or she gets the one that is best for his or her specific hair type.

1. For fine but oily or limp hair, your best bet is a shampoo that boasts of volumizing features. Avoid shampoo-and-conditioner formulas or those with a high priority on moisturizing, as this will only weigh down your limp hair. You would benefit best from daily shampooing, or every other day. This technique will help you get a sleek and radiant look. Be careful to apply conditioner only every two days.

Should you prefer to use conditioner daily, be sure to apply it only to the ends of your hair. If you are a person who uses a lot of styling products, revert to a clarifying shampoo once every week in order to get rid of product buildup. Experts also recommend using cold or lukewarm water. Using water that is too hot will cause hair cuticles to open, making your scalp and hair too dry, which results in oil glands compensating for that loss of moisture.

2. For curly hair, your choice should be a moisturizing shampoo, because curly hair tends to be coarse or dry. This is because the oils from the scalp are not able to down the hair as easily as with straight hair. This is also the reason why curly hair looks better when you don’t shampoo daily. Common moisturizers for shampoos best for curly hair include beeswax, shea butter, or nut oils. Experts recommend conditioner especially for curly hair.

3. If your hair is color-treated, color-protection shampoos would work best for you. The ingredients of these type of shampoos should be gentle cleansers such as ceramides which do not strip hair strands of their color. Some shampoos come with a color guard system or light reflecting formulas to nourish the hair and protect it from external aggressions. Experts explain that color-treated hair is in need of moisture. As such they recommend applying a hair masque about once a month to add moisture to the hair as well as to make it more manageable.

4. For thick and unruly dry hair, creamy shampoos should be your choice. They typically have ingredients that help to smoothen and detangle hair, as well as to diffuse static. Hair experts recommend a leave-in product for thick and unruly hair.

5. If you are prone to split-ends or substantial hair fall, you now have many options of shampoos geared especially to fight hair fall due to breakage. Experts recommend washing your hair with cool instead of warm water, as heat causes pores to open up and may result in a greater tendency for hair fall.

6. If you happen to have dandruff, your shampoo choice would have to be anti-dandruff choices. Dandruff is a sign that your scalp is prone to inflammation and irritation, which results in the white flakes. Look for shampoos with a gentle cleaning base, usually those made from coconut or castor oils that are generally gentle on hair while keeping your scalp in its natural balance.

7. For normal hair, double formula shampoos are fine to use. Shampoo and conditioner mixes can be used. Among the choices, the best ones are those that help protect your hair from environmental factors, as well as those that come with a system to maintain the hair’s pH level.

When you understand the mechanics of choosing the best shampoo, you will most likely experience healthier and easier to manage hair, no matter what your hair type. Also, you won’t be easily conned into trying the latest product when you know it isn’t even suitable for your hair type! This will save you much money in the long run. Of course, that doesn’t mean you can’t pamper your hair once in a while; you deserve a special treat once a month wherein you indulge in a treatment that rejuvenates your hair and scalp!

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Dired wreath

A dried wreath is simply made up of straw base with a great combination of dried flowers, seed pods and herbs which are naturally dried. In other words, it can be said that dried wreath or preserved floral wreath is made from the floral that are typically dried and an agent is being applied to them to preserve them for many years to come. In addition, a brightening agent is being applied to them to give them an enhancement and also preserve the natural colour of the original floral wreath. A preserved wreath is preserved longest when kept indoors; the outdoors exposure may subject them to damage from high heat, moisture and other elements.

It is essential to be noted that the preservative agent may leak when used outdoors causing discoloration or any material in which the agent may contact. For longer shelf life it is advisable to place your preserved wreath indoor away from direct sunlight and high humidity.

Today, there are different types of dried wreath available by size and shape or by season and theme. The size and shape category varies from 16’’ to 18’’ wreaths, 22’’-24’’ wreaths, heart shaped wreaths and square wreaths. The dried wreath measuring 16’’ to 18’’ in diameter are the perfect size for almost any interior wall of your home, they will make an excellent accent piece not only for wall but also for living room, dining room or even bathroom. If you want to use dried floral wreath as door wreath then 24’’ dried wreath will look much better than 36’’ on a door. However, the 22’’-28’’ dried wreath are perfect for door, wall or over mantel. The dried wreath made from dried flowers will remain for many years if taken proper care.

The standard large dried wreath is unique and overstuffed brimming with the huge assortment of intoxicating flowers and herbs. The standard large dried wreaths will be 20 inches in diameter and 6 to 8 inches deep. These are comprised of sweet annie, sweet lavender, roses, poppy pods, basil seed pods, straw flowers, coloured statice and many other distinct floral in best combination.

By different shapes there are the most spectacular heart shaped and square shaped dried wreaths. Both, the heart shaped and square shaped dried floral wreaths are best selection for the valentine day. A heart shaped wreath makes a better home décor accessory. A heart shaped wreath made from dried flowers adds a nice touch, natural fragrance and nice aroma to your home. It is perfect gift for valentine, wedding or a year round gift for your loved ones. Each hand made wreath is made by using the best preserved floral available.

The square wreath is also made from 100% natural dried and preserved flowers. Each of these square wreaths is handmade which are highly made from finest quality flowers. Since these are handmade thus they can be rest assured to be made from the freshest dried and preserved floral available. There is also square box wood wreath. Their unique design is extremely pleasing and they are the best provided gifts because of their styles and designs.

The suitable dried wreath for different season selection is also an excellent option. There are dried wreath by different seasons and themes which are very joyous to select. In this category, the spring wreath, fall wreath, Christmas wreath and other types of wreaths are available which are purely made from dried and preserved flowers and floras.

Season dried wreath can best be a spring wreath. These are gorgeous and colourful dried flower wreath to brighten your home for year round. These dried flower wreaths are made from the best of natural flowers and beautiful floral grown in the best and the optimum environmental conditions.

The different types of dried flower wreaths are Lavender, herb garden patch, daisy chain, summer hydrangea, sunflower, purple yellow daisy, pansy garden, yellow roses, natural sorghum and sinuate, blue meadow, salsa dried herb, mulberry, pink rose and many more.

Nevertheless, nowadays, the simplest way to get these beautiful dried wreaths is through the massive online websites which offer the grand collection of different dried wreath with best prices and great offers. The most exciting part is that they will be sent immediately at your doorstep. So, you have to sit at leisure of your room and just look out different websites for your most favourite choice of dried wreath.

It is quite astonishing to note that in addition to dried flower wreath there are also freeze dried roses and rosebuds which make the most wonderful wreath to be placed as a fantastic centerpiece on your Christmas table with a pillar candle nestled right in the center of it. It will last for many months and will add an added styled to your lavish room.

It is noteworthy to be mentioned that besides dried wreath, freeze dried wreath is also the most natural, eco-friendly and biodegradable wreath which can be the best availed option for not only the environment conscious minded but also for the green environment lovers.

Your choice will definitely make a big and real difference. The natural dried wreath is the original production of an eco-friendly selection. Going green had never been so easy. It is only by using 100% natural eco-friendly flowers for your grand occasion!

In fine, make your event as an extraordinary one by adding simple, natural and beautiful eco-friendly dried wreath to it. Its elegant effect is incomparable. The purchase of dried wreath will be a support for earth and helping the environment going green. Dried wreath is an amazing eco-friendly spice of life which is unbeatable!

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Anti Wrinkle Cream For Men

Men may have once been fine with aging naturally, but today they are on a quest to look and feel their very best.

Our society does place a great deal of importance on how a person looks, and that isn't limited to only the appearance of women.

It is important to understand that the right anti wrinkle cream for men is different from those for women. Some of the ingredients are the same but there are enough differences to take note of. The skin care needs of men and women are different which is why it is important for their products used to be different as well. Let's review why men and women both suffer from aging.

As a person gets older, it is natural for the body to stop producing high levels of collagen and elastin. Yet, these proteins are what result in the skin being very healthy and smooth. They also will determine the tone and texture of your skin as well. Sagging skin is a direct result of the loss of collagen and elastin in the body.

Free radicals are the other powerful cause of the aging process. That is why any anti wrinkle cream for men needs to contain plenty of antioxidants. This way they can fight the free radicals off before they ever have a chance to damage the healthy skin cells. There are some reasons why men age that women don't though.

For example, shaving daily is common in men but it can result in the skin being damaged. Inflammation occurs due to the process no matter what type of razor you are using. Many aftershave products are designed to smooth the skin but they do contain alcohol. This alcohol base though will result in the skin becoming dried out.

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Cleansers – How To Pick The Right One For You?

Cleansing your face is the primary step of your skin care regimen. Cleansers help to keep your skin clean and fresh. In addition to personal hygiene, cleansers also ensure that other skin care products penetrate efficiently and deliver optimal results.

Ideally, you should cleanse your face twice a day – once in the morning to remove all the oil and bacteria that might have build up from the night before and once in the evening to take off all the make-up, sunscreen and dirt accumulated throughout the day. However, the most important thing is to use a good and suitable cleanser.

Picking the right cleanser for yourself can become a daunting task considering the skin care market that is full of extensive varieties of cleansers. Here are some tips that will inform you about what to look for in a cleanser and how to choose the right one for your skin.

Characteristics of a Good Cleanser

It should not dry the skin and nor strip off the natural moisture.
It should clean the skin well and remove all traces of make-up and sunscreen.
It should not contain any harsh ingredients like sodium lauryl sulfate or alcohol.

Choosing the Right Cleanser

Test the Product First

Before you decide to make a cleanser a steady part of your skin care routine, check to see if it suits your skin type. Use the cleanser on your hands before you use it on your face. Even though your hands are not a very accurate indicator, you would still get a hint of how your skin responds to the product. If the cleanser makes your skin feel dry or squeaky immediately, then it might be a little too harsh for your face. Look for a creamier formulation. A good cleanser should make your skin feel calm and rejuvenated.

Buy product samples first so that you can test it before you start using it.

See how your Skin Reacts to the Product

The cleanser should be gentle enough to clean the skin effectively but not so harsh that it leaves your skin feeling dry and irritated. Just as it is important to remove sebum, grime, and pollution from your skin pores, it is also important to preserve your natural skin barrier.

If the cleanser makes your skin excessively dry, it is not the right one for your. Don't think that you can fix the dryness with a moisturizer because no moisture is as good as your skin's natural oils. So make sure you don't damage it.

Check the Ingredients List

Make sure you check the ingredients list before buying any skin care product, not just the cleanser. Your cleanser should not contain any harsh ingredients or large amounts of detergents like odium lauryl sulfate. It will only leave your skin dry and irritated. Even, sodium laureth sulfate, though it is milder than sodium lauryl sulfate, serves to irritate the skin. Look for cleansers that are free of any SLS ingredients and help to normalize the pH balance of the skin.

Consider the Climate

It is important to change your cleanser with the season. During the winter, when the skin is prone to dryness, it is advisable to use a mild cleanser that has moisturizing properties. And during the humid summer months, switch to a stronger cleanser.

Product Suggestions:

Skin Care Heaven Exfoliating Cleanser
It contains 5% Glycolic Acid which aids in the restoration of healthy skin. This product is enhanced with antioxidant A, C, E and Green Tea to help nourish and protect the skin while deep cleaning.

La Roche-Posay Biomedic LHA Cleansing Gel
It is used to purify and prepare the skin and help stimulate and exfoliation. This Cleanser also evens skin tone, helps remove dead skin cells and helps with acne breakouts for a brighter complexion.

Obagi Nu Derm Foaming Gel

It is a blend of Aloe vera, natural herbs and natural cleansers. This gentle formulation gets rid of all the pollutants accumulated on the skin and removes excess oil without disturbing the natural moisture levels of the skin.

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Tattoo Infections

A tattoo is a permanent body art procedure where unhygienic conditions and ways to tattoo the body organs could simply result in the nightmarish dreams for the rest of the life. The infection is triggered through a specific tattooing machine that consists of a needle attached to the tubes containing dye pierces which are extremely sharp pointed and tattoo skin repeatedly. A deep down puncture emerges over the surface of the skin and ink droplets as attached and pricked deeply in to the layer consisting of bacteria and virus easily clings to the skin and the infection process begins.

Tattoo Infections

It is taken due care and suggested by the tattoo piercers not to let body starts bleeding automatically as soon as the process begins but should be avoided with immediate treatment to blood oozing out from within. There are certain highly specialized special sophisticated equipments utilized by the piercers to stop the multiplication of the tattoo when the attendee leaves the tattoo parlor and such symptoms making the attraction sounds more dangerous to even cause cancer to the treated tattoo area.

When the skin is breached with wanted or unwanted results it is evident that the skin must contract infectious agents and other foreign particles from the environment therefore the factors are easily penetrated and cause sickness and other side-effects to the skin of the human body. Certain particular blood-born diseases of the body are triggered if the tattoo equipment get contaminated with the blood particles and thus forms the diseases such as: Hepatitis C, B, tuberculosis, tetanus and HIV virus symptoms. There is practiced an excessive scarring of the skin providing scars and rashes as well.

The patients have complained about swelling and pus-drainage. The unlicensed tattoo parlors has linked cluster of antibiotic-resistant skin infections because these unlicensed tattoo artists shriek their responsibilities for adopting unsuitable tattoo practices and infection control procedures owing pneumonia and human body-flesh debilitating conditions. The commonest nature of piercing tattoo over the skin surface is the ailment for itchy feeling and excessive frustration to see obnoxious marks and stretches of the skin for prolonged period of time.

The hypersensitivity due to allergy is also one of the symptoms of piercing a tattoo over the body. The latest census of the tattoo piercing all over the world has been mentioned to be pierced with paramount care and precaution so that it should safeguard the soft and delicate skin of the individual as under MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging examination machine) machine hinders the tattoo pigments and the quality of the image is blemished and that in turn doesn’t provide picturesque view of the related disease of the skin.

In order to get rid of the infection caused due to tattoo rub your skin surface with the help of soft and damp cloth applying some degree of soap and instantaneously applying moisturizer to avoid sun-burn or scorching heat emitting out of the sun. The tattoo shouldn’t fade after a stipulated time period which is allergic and treacherous to skin.

Therapies such as: Laser therapy, derma abrasion or surgical removal etc ought not to be so tedious treatment but should help the attendee to relax him/her or please the person as per the demand and fulfillment and tattoo piercing at the genital regions are equally hazardous for the body such the: Belly-button region, pubic region of the women and certain men under fashion trend including piercing their anus etc. The duplicate jewelry items should be branded jewelry and shouldn’t rust the pierced area where tattoo substance comes along in contact with it. These jewelries are called as ‘Hypo-allergic jewelry.

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Why Promoting Fitness at Work is More than Just a Trend

One of the reasons people always use to justify their weight gain is that they don’t have time to work out since they are tied up with their work. But deep down they know that’s not true because if they want to do something, they will always find the reason to do it.

But since they say their work is the one that’s getting them out of shape, wouldn’t it better if they could bring their workout to their work? There are more and more companies who are associating work with fitness by turning their training room into fitness center. Fitness has never been just a temporary obsession. It should be a lifetime concept.

So here are the reasons why companies should never think that such program is nothing more than just a trend and start such initiation within the organization:

1. Employees have more energy. Imagine instead of smoking or eating junk food during lunch or break time, employees get to lift dumbbells or use fitness band. Subsequently, this activity lifts their spirits and mood as well, making them more productive instead of drowsy after their break.

2. This program promotes camaraderie and motivation among fellow employees. Employees can buddy-up or team up with their fellow colleagues and tally up the total amount of pounds lost at the end of the month to see who wins. Management or team leaders can set up a reward for the team who’s lost the biggest weight. Employees are also more inclined to stick to their weight loss goal when they know many people are counting on them to lose weight, so this builds trust and cooperation as well.

3. Employee satisfaction. Employees feel a sense of gratitude towards the management because they feel more taken care of; thus, lower employee turnover rate, higher productivity, tighter community, and greater creativity happen in the workplace.

4. Companies save more by investing more for their employees. Fitter employees means reduced health care cost and lower rate of employee absenteeism. There are financial risks that are worth taking and this is one of them.

5. This program puts employees to healthy state of mind. If you are physically trying to achieve a healthy body, it will be hard to contradict that with a shabby outlook in life. This means that employees’ dietary habits as well as other internal values will change as well to support what their bodies are doing. This translates to them choosing more organic, home-cooked meals over fast food. The effect will propel them to pass it down to the other members of the family and so on.

Of course not all companies can afford such luxury, so what these companies do in turn is just give out incentives or discounts to fitness center. The result won’t be as effective but either way, it is a win-win situation where both the company and the employee benefit from the program.

So until the company starts investing in gym equipment, perhaps it would be wiser for the employees to take advantage of their company’s wellness incentive program. Or they could proactively bring dumbbells to their cubicle to encourage them to lift it when they are feeling stressed.

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Strength Training to Tone Your Muscles

Do you frown whenever you see a cute sleeveless top, knowing you could never wear it because of the sagging skin under your arms? Do you sometimes bemoan the fact that your upper arms look like loose chicken wings? Do you find yourself struggling to fit into a pair of jeans because everything on your legs feels loose? Then perhaps it is time to hit a fitness regimen of some sort! But perhaps you have heard before that you will need to undergo a strict cardiovascular program in order to lose the excess fat. But do you know that there is a better way to tone those muscles?

Many women shy away from strength training thinking that it is only designed to bulk up muscles like the ones you see on the Incredible Hulk. Naturally, the average woman would not want her muscles to look like that, with the exception of those who are actually proud of their biceps on the covers of Sports Illustrated. But strength training is indeed not only limited to giving you large bulky muscles. If you know how to do it properly, it can actually tone your muscles and enhance your silhouette! The basic things you need to know about strength training are as follows:

1. The effects of strength training differ based on the weight that you carry. In order to bulk up, you need to workout with heavy weights, or those that you cannot lift more than five times per set. This builds strength, which results in the bulky muscles. So if you want to tone your muscles, opt for weights that you can lift at twenty times per set, and do three sets at a time. What happens is that you are building endurance, and your muscles break down and then repair themselves into longer, leaner form.

2. Take important note of the principle of rest. What happens during strength training is that the muscles break down from the strain, and then they rebuild themselves. This is why personal trainers and experts require at least a 24-hour gap between strength training sessions. If you go to a gym, they will likely instruct you to do strength training three times a week and intersperse those times with two or three times of cardiovascular exercise. This is in order to give your muscles time to recuperate and build themselves back up. If you fail to give them the rest they need, you will wind up with injured muscles.

3. Strength training may not necessarily make you lose more weight than cardiovascular training, but it will usually make you look leaner and fitter. This is because strength training builds muscle, and muscle is heavier than fat. So do not worry if your scale tells you that you are not losing weight as fast as you would like, since doing strength training will definitely burn up your fat but build up muscle mass in exchange.

4. The good news is, in the long run, muscles burn more calories than fat, even at rest. This means that the muscles you build up will help you burn even when you are just sleeping or doing nothing, which protects you from gaining back unwanted weight even if you wind up eating a little too much sometimes. Or, once you stop exercising, you still have a leeway of about a few months as the muscles continue to burn extra calories. You will only wind up gaining back weight once the muscle tone itself wears off, which you would not want to happen anyway!

5. Lastly, be sure to do your workouts properly. Working out with dumbbells is a lot more complicated than riding an exercise bike because you need to know the proper way to hold and lift them or else you risk injury. If you do not have a personal trainer, check magazines for illustrations, or better yet, find how-to videos on the Internet for the proper form. It will serve you well in the long run as you start to see the results you desire.

Now that you know that working with weights can actually work for your benefit, go ahead and buy a couple of dumbbells, and tone those muscles up for a better-looking, better-feeling you!

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How to select the best Home Gym Equipment?

Almost everyone today has been educated on the benefits of getting regular exercise and gym. Yet still there are maximum people who are not exercising, while many of us are not active at all. Due to our busy schedule, we are not having the time to visit gym, or go for a run. Most doctors suggest that a person should exercise three to five times a week for about a half an hour to remain happy and healthy. So think for gym equipment at your home only where you would be able to save your time and money too. But before buying any home gym equipment you must be well-informed, otherwise you would not be able to judge the best and desired equipment. There is ample number of home exercise equipments available in the market like free weights, weight training machines, home gyms etc.

A home gym is a particular place of your home which consists of compact unit of equipment designed to perform many exercises at one station.

A home gym should have the following components:

1.An adjustable bench for sitting or reclining
2.Stacked metal weights with pin selection for load
3.Pull down bars mainly for the lat pull down back exercise
4.Press bars for pushing and pulling, for shoulders, arms and back
5.Leg extension system for quadriceps muscles of the thigh
6.Leg curl system for exercising the hamstrings at back of the thigh
7.Seated cable row system for back and arms exercise.

Types of home gym setups:

There are generally 6 types of home gym setups available in the market:

1.Free weight stations- It consists of adjustable benches, power racks for holding barbells, dumbbells, barbells and round weights.
2.Multi-gyms based on steel or composite bands and cords- It comprise of the flexing band which creates the resistance. Example: Bowflex and Weider.
3.Total Gym concept- This concept uses an adjustable height, inclined bench and sliding seat platform that uses your own body weight to increase resistance. For instance: Total Gym 1500.
4.Multi-gyms based on stacked weights- This kind of set-ups uses a cable and pulley mechanism with stacked weights. You need to move the peg to select the weight. Example: latest Body Solid EXM series.
5.Multi-gyms with provision for free weight plates- It consists of round weights which are manually fitted to the barbell extensions. Example: Powertec Workbench.
6.Smith machine multi combinations- It uses a mechanism that constrains the bar in one vertical plane, unlike free-weight benches and racks. Example: Mega Smith System which is commonly used.

Besides above 6 home gym equipment setup Aerobic exercise equipment such as treadmills, rowers and stationary bikes are also considered as the beneficial equipments that you can choose for your home gym. You should always ask the seller for tips and instructions to maintain the equipment properly.

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Fitness Equipment Review

The fitness equipments are highly-durable iron equipments that works for significantly prolonged period of time and are heavy-duty materials with different durability; colors ans styles with a specific shape to tune to the satisfaction of every body type thereupon.

Thousands of national and international manufacturing companies have indulged themselves to cater to the needs of the customer based according to the tastes or likings and disliking of the customer to acquire there specific tool from the domestic or International markets (oversees).

There are number of Tele-product marketing companies who sells there fitness equipments in relatively cheaper ate as compared to any other shop available in th expensive market because many commutes complained of being mislead by the amount of money charged by the retailers to them and inferior quality product is what they received in return.

A fitness training equipment must always comply to the international standards and developmental procedures so that a genuine product be launched in the market safe and sound.

It is a decade of continuous operation of selling and purchasing ample amount of fitness equipments with a compliment and commitment of the manufacturing units so that each consumer should live up to the expectations of the product and the product in turn could become a genuine asset with beneficial results in-hand.

The computer aided designing; manufacturing; engineering accessories; sales; distribution and giving an exact number of best body-weight-resistance to the consumer is every companies dream and desire so that more and more commuters be cajoled to buy these products immediately fro the market and experience the difference of it.

Before buying a fitness equipment a customer must always ensure that the equipment should be of high-quality, should be most functional and safest or durable to handle with care. Today’s fitness equipments are so light and convenient that the exerciser could also watch T.V. and listen to radios or music stations on headphones while working over hard to burn up that excessive calorie from the body. Casual jogging might imply all such features as additional features towards an exerciser.

Fitness Equipment Review

Few versions of fitness equipments:

* Dual Axis Chest press; Lat pull down; Rear delt/ Pec fly; Vertical & seated row; Lateral Raise; Bicep curl; Leg extension; Assisted dip chin; Glute machine; Prone leg curl; Adductor/ Abduitor; Angled calf; Cable cross overs; High and low pulley and multi-functional stations are some of the equipments available in the domestic market.

* Fitness tool Bio-mechanics: The Bio-mechanics is a computer assisted designing of the equipment in order to ensure that correct weight be assessed in the specifi machine.

* Welding of the equipment: All four side or corners of the machine should be conveniently welded thoroughly so that the construction be made for rugged Fail-proof strength of the structure.

* Range of equipment motions: A specially designed Variable Resistence Cams are implied whivh are bio-mechanically engineered in order to meet and sustian desired load levels throughout the continuous motion of the exercising machine.

* Frames & Powder coated finishing: The frames are fabricated specially so that the structure of a bright cold rolled steel tubing be achieved i.e. further milled and then machined in a manufacturing place. The failure of the joints are virtually eliminated and is provided with a life-time guarantee of the structure. An electro-statistical texture is applied to the frame for powder coating finish which further consists of an average 80 microns thickness thereupon.

* The cables of 4200 lbs of weight with thick high-density foaming to the seating of the fitness equipments and additional guide rodss are utilized which is secured by nylon bushings allows free-floating of the movements of the fitness equipment. A pulley wheel is alsways convenient and handy to travel the equipment from one place to another.

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How to Strengthen Your Immune System

Yet, there are ways of improving the situation, such as eating fruit and vegetables, either fresh or frozen, foods that are rich in proteins and dairy products which are known to provide vitamins and calcium.

Researchers have found that frozen fruit and vegetables are a good source of nutrients and may be even more nourishing than the fresh kind, because the consisting nutrients may diminish through transportation and storage. Vitamins found in fruit give reliable help in improving the immune system which should be strengthen even more during the cold season. Increase the amount of Vitamin C for a better protection against viruses. The best fruit to eat for the purpose are apples, citrus fruits and kiwi.

Another ally of our immune system is Vitamin E, which can be found in great amounts in sunflower seeds, nuts, peanuts and almonds. Moreover, nuts are rich in Vitamin D, also known as ‘the vitamin of the sun’ (because the human body synthesizes this vitamin under the sun rays). It is recommendable that we spend at least 30 minutes a day in the open and eat yolk, liver, cream, butter and milk in order to keep this vitamin.

Vitamin A helps the body fight against bacteria and viruses. Also, the lack of Vitamin A brings about the loss of Vitamin C, which affects the general health of the individual. The foods rich in Vitamin A are: liver, dairy products, eggs, fish oil, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin, peanuts and spinach.

The right quantity of Vitamins A and E contributes to the maintenance of the skin, which otherwise may deteriorate and become dry especially in winter.

So, let’s take proper care of ourselves and improve our eating habits for a healthier and easier life

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Thought for the day

“To be one’s self, and unafraid
whether right or wrong,
is more admirable than the easy
cowardice
of surrender to conformity.”

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